Variation and genetic mutations
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I can describe how mutations change the DNA sequence in the genome causing genetic variation, which can cause heritable variation in phenotype.
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Some variation in phenotype is caused only by the environment and is not heritable.
Some variation is caused by genetic material; this can be passed on to offspring via gametes or asexual reproduction.
A change in the sequence of bases in an organism's DNA is called a mutation and creates a genetic variant.
Mutations happen at random (caused by carcinogens, or by ionising radiation, or by errors when DNA is copied).
Most mutations have no effect on phenotype, some influence phenotype, and a few determine phenotype.
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